Kidney stones are solid, crystal-like deposits that form when substances in urine become concentrated and stick together. Some stones may pass without causing symptoms, while others can block urine flow and lead to intense kidney stone pain. Recognising the signs early can help you seek appropriate care. [1,2]
What Causes Kidney Stones?
Several factors can contribute to kidney stone formation, particularly inadequate water intake, a high-salt diet and increased levels of stone-forming substances in urine. A family history of stones, obesity, certain medical conditions and some medicines may also increase risk. Types of kidney stones include calcium, uric acid, struvite and cystine stones. [1, 2, 3]
What Are the Symptoms of Kidney Stones?
Common kidney stone symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the back or side that may move towards the lower abdomen or groin. Other symptoms can include blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination and pain or burning during urination. [1, 2, 3]
Fever or chills with suspected kidney stones can indicate an infection, particularly if urine flow is blocked, and require urgent medical assessment. [1, 2]
Kidney Stones vs UTI: What Is the Difference?
Although kidney stones and urinary tract infections (UTIs) can cause urinary discomfort, they have different causes. Kidney stones form from mineral crystals, whereas bacterial infections usually cause UTIs. [1, 3, 4]
| Kidney Stones | UTI |
| Severe side or back pain is common | Burning during urination is common |
| Pain may radiate towards the groin | Frequent or urgent urination is common |
| Blood in urine may occur | Cloudy or strong-smelling urine may occur |
| Nausea or vomiting may occur | Lower abdominal discomfort may occur |
Because symptoms can overlap, testing can help identify the cause. [1, 3, 4]
Diagnosis and Treatment
Tests for kidney stones may include urine and blood tests, ultrasound and CT scans. A kidney function test may also be recommended. Small stones may pass naturally, based on the size and location. Larger stones do not pass due to obstruction or complications and these may require medication or procedures such as shock-wave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy. [1, 2, 3]
How Can You Prevent Kidney Stones?
Adequate water intake to prevent kidney stones, limiting excess salt and following dietary advice based on the stone type can reduce recurrence risk. [1, 4]
Seek urgent medical attention for severe pain with fever, chills, persistent vomiting, or difficulty passing urine. [1, 2]
If you have any symptoms of kidney stones, a healthcare professional can recommend the appropriate tests based on your symptoms and clinical assessment.
FAQs
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Common symptoms may include sharp pain in the back, side, lower abdomen or groin, blood in the urine, frequent urination, painful urination, nausea and vomiting. [1, 2]
What causes kidney stones?
Kidney stones develop when certain minerals and substances become concentrated in urine and form crystals. Low fluid intake, dietary factors, certain medical conditions and some medicines can increase the risk. [1, 2]
How are kidney stones diagnosed?
Doctors may use a medical history, physical examination, urine tests, blood tests and imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan to diagnose kidney stones. [1, 3]
How can I prevent kidney stones?
Drinking enough fluids, particularly water, can help keep urine diluted. Depending on the type of stone, your doctor may also recommend reducing salt or adjusting your intake of certain foods. [1, 4]
How are kidney stones treated?
Small stones may pass naturally with appropriate medical advice. Larger or obstructing stones may require medicines or procedures such as shock-wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy or surgical removal. [1, 3, 4]
How long does it take to pass a kidney stone?
Small kidney stones can often pass naturally, but the time varies depending on the stone's size and location. Some stones may take days to several weeks to pass, depending on their size and location. [1, 3]
When should I see a doctor for kidney stones?
Seek prompt medical attention for severe or persistent pain, blood in the urine, fever or chills, vomiting, difficulty urinating or other concerning symptoms, as these can indicate complications or infection. [1, 2]
References: